Journal articles: 'College teaching – United States' – Grafiati (2024)

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In recent years, multiple-measures teaching evaluation systems have become widespread in states and school districts around the United States. Using administrative data from Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS) and the National Student Clearinghouse, we examine the relationship between exposure to different ratings of teaching effectiveness in high school (based on a district-wide multiple-measures evaluation system) and high school graduation and college enrollment outcomes. We find a small but statistically significant difference in college enrollment rates for PPS graduates with more courses with teaching with the highest rating of Distinguished, and these students were also more likely to enroll in selective colleges.

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1,127 U.S. high school senior and college undergraduate perceptions of teaching’s prestige, status, and esteem were explored in this study. The population consisted of 302 high school seniors and 825 college undergraduates from the Midwestern region of the United States. The study included 51 statements where participants rated their perceptions of teaching’s prestige, status, and esteem on an 8-point Likert scale. The data was factor analyzed, and the results identified that the perceptions of teaching’s prestige consisted of financial and image perceptions. A descriptive analysis found that U.S. high school senior and college undergraduate perceptions of teaching’s financial component of prestige (M = 9.99, SD = 2.90) and esteem (M = 10.42, SD = 3.05) were more negative in comparison to status (M = 13.38, SD = 2.74). Bivariate correlation, Univariate, and hierarchal linear regression techniques measured the effects that the perceptions of teaching’s prestige, status, and esteem had on U.S. high school seniors and college undergraduate teaching considerations. The results indicated that the perceptions of teaching’s status may encourage U.S. high school seniors and college undergraduates to consider careers in teaching, but the perceptions of esteem may produce opposite effects. The results demonstrated that the perceptions of teaching’s esteem may discourage U.S. high school seniors and college undergraduates scoring in the upper deciles of the ACT (American College Testing) from considering teaching in the United States. The results indicated that the perceptions of esteem may also discourage U.S. urban female high school seniors and college undergraduates from considering the career. Finally, the results demonstrated the perceptions of teaching’s esteem and its interaction with the financial perceptions of teaching’s prestige may discourage U.S. aspiring teachers from the career. This result raises questions as to the “roots” of the early teacher attrition problem in the United States.

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Abstract On any given day, on college and university campuses across the United States, four generations bump up against each other. Some are shocked and outraged by the attitudes and demands of the newest generation; others are dazed, stunned, and even offended by the conventions and expectations of an earlier generation. Three generations of college professors are facing perceived irrelevance by the newest generation to hit the scene. This article addresses generational differences between today’s students and those who teach them. Research and recommended practice to build on the strengths and learning needs for students and future professionals in communication sciences and disorders are discussed.

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This article is about my personal experience in a doctoral program in the United States. After working ten years as a high school teacher in Hong Kong, I decided to quit my high school teaching career and to come back to school for my PhD—not because I no longer enjoy teaching; in fact I still do, but because I do not enjoy spending most of my time with discipline and classroom management. So, I decided to pursue a doctoral degree so that I can teach college students. “I got admitted to a PhD program in the US.” I excitedly said to my wife. She was thrilled to hear the good news. We started obtaining visas and told our three daughters about our forthcoming plan.

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Abstract This study compares and contrasts experiences of harm to nonhuman animals in the lives of 830 college students in The Bahamas and the United States. Overall, students in The Bahamas were more likely to have been exposed to seeing animals harmed (65%) than those in the United States (16%), and they were more likely to have seen an animal killed (22% in The Bahamas and 12% in the United States). Bahamian students reported a higher rate of participation in harming animals than United States students. Stray animals were at greater risk of harm than animals designated as companion animals. The occurrence of coerced harm to animals including zoophilia was low. Participants were indirect victims of animal harm at older ages than the ages at which they had first witnessed or participated in harming animals. Cross-societal implications of harming animals are discussed in the context of teaching animal welfare.

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The desire to reverse a downward trend in the number of undergraduates majoring in economics is an impetus to advance the scholarship of teaching economics as we enter the 21st century. This article offers suggestions for changing the concepts taught and the applications used in college and university economics courses within the United States. It provides practical methods to improve the way economics is taught. The assessment of students and the evaluation of pedagogical practices are also addressed.

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As Sydney Freeman, Jr., Associate Professor in the Adult, Organizational Learning and Leadership program at the University of Idaho’s College of Education, did one final review of his syllabus for ED 589 Theoretical Applications & Design of Qualitative Research, he knew that this was a different approach to teaching qualitative research. Generally, this kind of information was better taught in person where students could have physical interactions with their professor. The material was often quite challenging to teach. However, this structure was different than many qualitative courses taught across the United States are structured. This was not going to be easy.

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There’s no denying that the Occupy movement, aside from everything else it has accomplished since 2011, created ample opportunities in college classrooms for teaching about the super wealthy, or the 1%, and their role in reproducing social and economic inequalities in the United States and around the world. In my own courses, however, I have tried to emphasize to students that there is a marked difference between teaching about “the rich” and teaching about “class.”

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Abstract Introduction: The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists' Postgraduate Year 1 and Year 2 Residency Accreditation Standards require that residents demonstrate effective teaching skills. The College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists' survey of pharmacy program curricula assessed resident teaching in psychiatry and neurology, however, results were not published. The objective of this article is to describe resident teaching in psychiatry and neurology curricula as reported by responses to the college's survey. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to a curricular representative from each of 133 US pharmacy programs accredited as of July 2015. Programs were asked to report on psychiatry and neurology curricular content, faculty credentials, and types of teaching activities, including resident teaching. Results: Fifty-six percent (75/133) of programs responded to the survey. Fifty out of 75 (67%) distinct pharmacy programs reported utilizing residents for teaching topics in psychiatry and neurology. Residents were twice as likely to teach didactic topics in psychiatry (n = 44) compared to neurology (n = 22). Three times as many residents were involved in precepting psychiatric Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (n = 37) compared to neurology Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (n = 12). Discussion: Residents are involved in both didactic and experiential teaching with more residents teaching psychiatry content compared to neurology content. Authors recommend utilizing the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists' electronic resident assessment tool, PharmAcademic®, to capture the quantity and quality of resident teaching across accredited programs.

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In the last few decades, mathematics education in the United States has seen a perfect storm with respect to the teaching and learning of algebra—one that is difficult for our colleagues in other countries to fathom. As part of recent largescale education reform in the United States, the increasingly widely perceived need for greater mathematical literacy and the desire to make access to college more equitable in the society have led to promotion of “algebra for all” and the codification of this desire in high-stakes accountability measures (e.g., as illustrated by Achieve's American Diploma Project (ADP, 2004)). Algebra in the Early Grades, an edited volume by a group of mathematics education researchers, is in important ways a response of mathematics educators to these developments.

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<p><em>The devaluing of life through abortion has a detrimental effect on the ethical decision-making processes of a nation of people. Encouraging college students to make ethical decisions in a nation with legalized abortion is challenging. Laws that permit women to have a voluntary abortion are in direct conflict with ethical decision-making. The consequences of decades of abortion in the United States are staggering. Approximately one abortion is performed for every five live births. Over 58,000,000 babies have been aborted in the United States since 1973, when the Supreme Court found that women have the “constitutional right” to have an abortion before “fetal” viability. The authors compared the current abortion law to other “black eyes” in the United States’ history including: slavery, the Separate But Equal doctrine, the treatment of Native Americans, and oppressive child labor. This paper then introduces a four-step ethical decision making model and a “toolbox” of questions that students may use when analyzing ethical issues. </em></p>

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Race and racism are considered standard subject matter in introductory college courses in the social sciences, but remain relatively absent in biological science courses (Donovan, 2015; Morning, 2011). Given a resurgence of biologically deterministic racial science (e.g., Risch et al., 2002; Shiao et al., 2012) and ongoing racial tensions in the United States, it is imperative that biology professors actively engage students in introductory and upper-level courses. This paper presents a tested approach used in an introductory natural science course (for undergraduate, non-science majors) at a mid-sized regional university. A biocultural focus is advocated for teaching about the fallacies (i.e., biological race concept) and realities of race (i.e., racism) (e.g., see Gravlee, 2009; Thompson, 2006). Further, an emphasis is placed on using a visual approach for relaying these complex and sensitive topics.

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Humanism has never been able to establish a firm place in technical education, which remains predominantly pragmatist in response to industry needs, certification requirements and educational standardisation. However, after a period of decline, humanism has made somewhat of a comeback as part of the movement toward student-centred education. Research conducted at a technical college showed that although . This research indicated that including humanistic elements in educational practice will enable instructors to be more effective in helping students to develop skills in relation to team work, problem-solving, systems improvement, lifelong learning and other areas that are becoming increasingly necessary for success in the workplace. The include a constructivist approach with a focus on contextual teaching and learning using situated cognition, cognitive apprenticeships, anchored instruction and authentic assessment. At the same time, some suggestions for improving professional development for teachers by using a Gestalt approach along with self-study in the context of learning communities have been discussed.

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This article is a book review of Makitaro Hotta Laws and Politics of the International Relations of Japan and the United States (published jointly by the School of International Service, American University, Washington, and the College of International Relations, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, 1996) 195 pages. The book is a compendium of documents and materials relating to Japan and United States relations from the Cairo Declaration of 1 December 1943 to the Japan/US Joint Declaration on Security Alliance for the 21st Century of 17 April 1996. Angelo praises the book’s versatility, as it can be used for comparative law classes and for international relations programmes, for constitutional law teaching, and for aspects of public international law.

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In a famous imaginary exchange, F. Scott Fitzgerald said, "The rich are different from us." Ernest Hemingway replied, "Yes, they have more money." Most critics have thought the epigram attributed to Fitzgerald more perceptive about class in the United States than the one attributed to Hemingway. But if we're looking for a wry take on how class has been understood, in the media and among college students, Hemingway's comment is pretty good.

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The college-educated populations of colonial 18th- and 19th-century United States were reasonably well-versed in principles of elementary astronomy — perhaps not fully in spatial concepts of seasons and lunar phases, though they certainly had some correct ideas about their causes. Astronomy had found a niche in academies and in the public high schools that succeeded them. In 1838 an observatory was installed in a Philadelphia high school. The states turned to the academies and early high schools for the majority of their elementary teachers, so the teachers who completed high school in the 19th century had been taught the reasons for common astronomical phenomena and conveyed these reasons to children. Parental teaching reinforced what was taught in primary schools. Until the late 19th century, colleges continued to offer astronomy or natural philosophy as part of the general curriculum. It therefore seems that a cycle of astronomy teaching and learning rudimentary astronomy was in effect until the late 1900’s.

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Abstract Introduction: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare syndrome characterized by excessive immune activation with an aggressive disease course and life-threatening consequences. Secondary HLH has been found to be triggered by various malignancies among its etiologies, most commonly being leukemia's and lymphoid malignancies. Rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are paramount for survival in HLH. However, the rarity of this syndrome and the complex clinical picture often prove to be a barrier to diagnosis. Methods: We identified all adult hospitalizations with HLH from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2009-2011 using International Classification of Diseases-9th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes 288.4. Only those cases undergoing bone marrow aspiration/biopsy were selected to improve diagnostic accuracy. We assessed the distribution of these diagnoses by hospital teaching status (teaching versus non teaching) and location (rural versus urban). Statistical analysis was done using STATA 13.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). All p-values were two sided and the level of significance was 0.05. Results: A total of 276 hospitalizations with HLH were identified, out of which 44 (16%) had a concomitant diagnosis of a malignancy. The median age at diagnosis was 42 years (range 18-89 years) and 43% (n=114) of the cases were females. Out of a total 23,634,793 hospitalizations during this time period, 12,532,948 (53%) belonged to non-teaching hospitals and 11,101,845 (47%) belonged to teaching hospitals. Similarly, a total of 2,867,148 (12%) belonged to rural hospitals and 20,767,645 (88%) belonged to urban hospitals. Among HLH cases, 90% (n=248) belonged to teaching hospitals and 99% (n=273) belonged to urban hospitals. Chi-square test showed that cases with HLH were more likely to be diagnosed in a teaching hospital (p value <0.01) and urban hospitals (p-value <0.01). Of the 44 cases with an underlying malignancy, 38 (86.3%) were associated with a hematological malignancy and 5 (11.3%) with a solid tumor. The tumor type was not specified for one patient. The in-hospital mortality for HLH with and without underlying malignancy was 29.56% (n=13) and 14.2 % (n=33) respectively (p-value 0.01). Inpatient mortality was 29% (n=11) for patients with an associated hematological malignancy and 40% (n=2) for those with associated solid tumor. Comparison of outcomes between rural and urban hospitals and teaching and non-teaching hospitals was not feasible due to the skewing of case distributions. Conclusions: HLH secondary to an underlying malignancy is associated with a higher mortality rate as compared to HLH without an underlying malignancy.Over 90% of the cases of HLH were diagnosed in an urban or teaching hospital setting. Given the complexities in diagnosing HLH, we think that the disease may be underreported in the rural and non-teaching setting. As secondary, malignancy associated HLH carries a poor prognosis, better recognition of HLH is needed in order to aid physicians' diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in all hospital settings. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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The current study examines how student media in the United States utilize Twitter and if those media outlets are following best practices. A constructed-sample content analysis of 10 Twitter feeds over the course of four semesters was conducted. The findings show that student media are generally not following best practices with a wide range of differences among those outlets in the sample. Discussion includes what this means for institutions teaching social media for journalists and other concerns.

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This article reflects upon the shared experience of learning and teaching among a community of Dreamers at San Jose State University in fall 2020. The triple whammy of the COVID-19 pandemic, the murder of George Floyd, and the 2020 presidential election created a semester like no other for college students. Our class acquired a deeper understanding of the historical and political events that brought us to the United States as inhabitants of the California borderlands as we watched the events of 2020 unfold.

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About 3,200 undergraduate and 300 graduate students in the College of Business of a regional state university with more than 17,000 students located in the southeastern United States evaluated 126 business faculty. The results of a multiple regression based on 6,395 student evaluations show that 12 factors are predictors of overall teaching effectiveness, e.g., instructor presents material clearly, instructor answers students' questions, instructor treats students in a courteous and/or professional manner, and instructor appears to be well prepared for each class. These data suggest that students are fairly reasonable in considering important aspects of the learning process when they evaluate professors' overall teaching effectiveness. The results are discussed in light of the reward system at U.S. universities, the balance between teaching and research, and the changes in management education.

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AbstractI discuss my experiences using archaeology and anthropology to teach college-level students how to be interdisciplinary thinkers and doers. Although the number of students who complete archaeology and anthropology degrees is relatively small in the United States and worldwide, programs and courses in such fields offer any student important opportunities in active, interdisciplinary learning that contribute to effective problem-solving using multiple lines of information. Courses and learning activities can question stereotypes depicting archaeology as a “useless” discipline (Arendt 2013:79), and they can prepare students to engage in and adapt to countless personal and professional situations while also learning about archaeology, its benefits, and its potential for relationships with similar and different fields. Therefore, the active learning of multimethod, interdisciplinary archaeology can prepare college-level students to address change and uncertainty in their homes, communities, and professions.

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United States publicly-funded higher education systems are experiencing increasing pressures. In response, higher education institutions have broadened their appeal to students less likely to attend college as part of their fiscal strategies. This growing student population consists of first-generation students and individuals from marginalized backgrounds who often enter college underprepared, and higher education must retain these emerging-majority students to ensure fiscal stability. When enrollment and retention are viewed from a business model, faculty duties expand into triage care and student emotional support. This qualitative investigation of faculty in a publicly-funded state university explores intrusive teaching practices marked by monitoring and intervening in their students’ emotional and social issues.

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Based on relevant literature and recent qualitative findings, the purpose of this survey research was to identify pedagogical approaches to melodic dictation employed by Advanced Placement (AP) Music Theory teachers across the United States. The researcher-designed survey questions focused on pitch and rhythm skills, instructional resources, dictation strategies, test-taking skills, and characteristics of successful dictation students. The survey was distributed online to a stratified random sample of 875 AP Music Theory teachers across the United States. Of these recipients, 398 participants from 49 states and the District of Columbia completed the survey, yielding a 45.5% return rate. Results indicated that teachers preferred pitch systems that emphasized scale degree function and rhythm systems that emphasized the meter. Participants also reported the influence of the AP exam on their dictation teaching and described their need for additional instructional time and better preparation for teaching aural skills. Suggestions for further research include similar studies of other populations, including high school teachers of other theory courses and college theory instructors.

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Abstract The landscape of diversity on higher education campuses has expanded as students with intellectual disability (ID) gain access to higher education through a variety of programs throughout the United States. The benefits and drawbacks of including students with ID in the college classroom and culture are becoming apparent, but more remains to be discovered as we look deeply in to the lived experience of postsecondary inclusion. The aim of this study was to investigate university faculty member perceptions about and experiences with the inclusion of students with ID in college classrooms. To accomplish this, the investigators examined the perceptions of faculty members at a regional 4-year university who had experience in postsecondary inclusion. We used an online survey to mine the benefits and challenges to faculty members and students enrolled in their courses, both with and without ID. Faculty perceptions are shared as well as implications for societal change.

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The history of teaching and learning via television has compressed into a half-century many of the same stages and themes of the larger story of common schooling in the United States. Responding to a variety of public, private, and foundation interests in the post-World War II period, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set aside 242 television frequencies for noncommercial educational purposes in 1952. Three decades earlier, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) had asserted a need for broadcasting to serve a common good for the broad public and civic interest. During the 1920s, nonnetworked educational radio stations were formed on various college and university campuses.

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Programming to enhance teaching on college campuses often aligns with learning models that privilege formal and structured learning activities. This qualitative study explores the informal relational learning experiences of a small sample of faculty members in the Northeast United States. Participants’ stories emphasize the relational nature of informal learning interactions which have the potential to result in perspective change. The findings highlight the value of trusting, ongoing interpersonal interaction and dialogue for meaningful faculty learning.

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One can identify two great movements during the nineteenth century in which educational theories and practices were transplanted from Europe and the United States to Brazil. The first addressed the secondary school curriculum, and began with the founding of the Imperial College Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro in 1838. The college was created by the Imperial Government to, in part, serve as a model for private and public secondary schools in the provinces. Throughout the 1800s, French curriculum theory shaped the debates about the purpose, organization and content taught in the College, and to a larger extent, about the nature of secondary education in general. The second transnational movement centered on the method of teaching in the primary school.

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ABSTRACTThis article describes guidelines for assignments designed to build and improve policy-oriented writing skills of college students. Based on our experiences as Franklin Fellows at the United States Department of State, we developed strategies for teaching writing skills that are transferable to the workplace. The pedagogical approaches highlighted in this article will equip students with the analytical and writing abilities needed in a variety of employment situations. First, we offer insights into the qualities that we believe are important for success in a policy-oriented work environment. Second, we link those skills to the challenges and gaps that students face. Third, we propose assignments that can address those gaps.

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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how faculty members teaching undergraduate diversity courses at liberal arts colleges in the southern United States addressed the outcome of the 2016 presidential election in their classrooms. Background: Humanities and social science faculty teaching undergraduate diversity courses faced the decision of whether, and how, to address the 2016 U.S. presidential election in their courses. Diversity courses represent a compelling context for examining this event, as instructors must routinely tackle charged and controversial topics and such courses have become the subject of debates around purpose, course content, and instructional methods. Methodology: This study draws upon one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with 38 faculty members teaching required undergraduate diversity courses at three predominantly White liberal arts colleges in the southern United States. Contribution: Understanding faculty members’ approaches to handling a critical political event sheds light on how faculty in multiple contexts might prepare for difficult dialogues in their classrooms. This study can serve to prompt reflection about how campuses engage with contemporary controversies in an era of reduced public trust in higher education and skepticism that free speech is a fundamental value of higher education. This study also offers a contribution to understanding how faculty members’ and students’ social identities including race and gender influence the dynamics of classroom discussions about contemporary controversies. Findings: Drawing upon the curricular processes detailed in the multicontextual model for diverse learning environments, findings from this study address faculty members’ personal post-election reactions, concern for minoritized students, decisions whether to disclose their political leanings, and their attempts to promote multiple perspectives, civility, and disciplinary connections to the political climate. Recommendations for Practitioners: Faculty members, educational developers, and administrators can use this study to consider how to address challenging and controversial events in the classroom and how to protect academic freedom to teach about and learn from these events. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers can advance understandings of how contemporary controversies and discussions of the political climate play out in college classrooms by investigating faculty and student experiences in multiple disciplinary, institutional, and regional contexts. Impact on Society: Higher education institutions in the United States face increasing public scrutiny and calls for greater accountability. Professors, in particular, are often caricatured as partisan ideologues intent upon indoctrinating students to particular political positions. A better understanding of how faculty members consider and approach discussions of a critical event may help shed light on the reality of many college classrooms and the self-reflective approaches to handling controversy faculty members may espouse.

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Based on the industry need to hire qualified salespeople, a call to expand sales education at universities has been continuously echoed. This article provides an updated overview of the sales education landscape in the United States and offers insight into both the curriculum offerings and the practices of marketing educators who teach sales courses at colleges and universities with sales programs. This research assesses the current state of sales education by critically evaluating recently published sales education literature, reviewing university websites of the University Sales Center Alliance members located in the United States, surveying professors who are members of the Sales Educators Foundation and/or the University Sales Center Alliance, and examining sales course syllabi of sales faculty. This article describes the findings of these research investigations. Understanding the pedagogical choices, teaching practices and perspectives on curriculum of the educators of leading sales programs is valuable to those educators contemplating launching a sales program at their respective universities.

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Team teaching factors, including mission clarity, affiliation, innovativeness, and fairness, are examined to determine how they influence student learning in a team-taught course. The study involved 184 college students enrolled in an Introduction to Computers course delivered in a team-taught format in a large university located in the United States. The collaborative teaching design followed a traditional team teaching approach with an instructor team teaching the same course collaboratively. Students enrolled in the team-taught course filled out an online survey targeted at identifying key factors that influence student-based outcomes (satisfaction and competency) in the course. Results showed that instructor team mission clarity, affiliation, and fairness are significantly related to students’ satisfaction while instructor team mission clarity and fairness are significantly related to students’ competency.

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Using longitudinal data collected from a college cohort in the United States ( N = 922), we examined the associations between systemic and structural factors (gender, race/ethnicity, family SES, and first-generation college status), financial parenting (teaching, and modeling behavior), and emerging adults’ financial behavior. We conducted a series of one-way repeated measure ANOVA analyses (GLM) to assess patterns of average change in financial parenting and financial behavior in the first year in college, fourth year in college, and two years after college and found evidence suggestive of recentering—a gradual transfer of responsibility during emerging adulthood from parent-directed behavior to self-directed behavior; however, the decline in financial parenting was not offset by an improvement in emerging adults’ financial behavior. Despite similar patterns of change, family socioeconomic status (SES), first-generation college student status, and gender influenced both financial parenting and financial behaviors at each time point. We discuss the findings and the implications on the timing and length of the recentering process.

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Most beginning college professors in the United States receive little if any help in the important task of learning how to teach well. Occasionally, a colleague or department chairman can provide some guidance, but in general most American college faculty are taught how to teach by the “sink or swim” method. There are many resources that can help the new professor swim, rather than sink, but in my case at least, I found out about them many years after I needed them the most. This paper will identify some of the literature, journals, and on-campus facilities that can help both new and experienced faculty members develop and hone teaching skills.The literature on teaching and learning is vast. Fortunately, the new teacher need not spend years becoming an expert on this literature; much of it is like the astronomical research literature in that it is full of jargon and it requires some expertise to distill useful, easily implementable ideas from it. Fortunately, there are a few (too few!) books that distill this vast literature into practical advice from it.

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This study qualitatively analyzes the culture conflicts professors in the United States and Mexico are experiencing with the increasing pressures to produce more research about higher education. The first dataset was collected from 36 faculty members from 12 small and medium sized private, doctorate-granting universities. These universities are located in 11 states across the United States. The remaining data came from 44 faculty members employed at four small and medium sized private, doctoral granting universities in four states across Mexico. Results showed that universities in the US are transitioning from a predominantly teaching college culture to a more research orientation. Although the sampled universities continue to offer established graduate programs, faculty members continue to struggle with their teaching requirements and conflicts research productivity pressures place on their teaching and mentoring time with students. Participating faculty members employed in the US were not evenly interested in research opportunities due to the diverse mission objectives promoted by their respective institutions. On the other hand, faculty members employed in Mexico were generally more concerned with their research productivity and subsequent factors, which negatively impact their research productivity. Mexican faculty members rarely cited conflicts between their institutional missions and teaching objectives. This study is highly relevant to policy makers, higher education administrators, and scholars interested in comparative and international higher education. Administrators can benefit from the findings in this study, which provides faculty members’ perceptions and describes departmental structures and organizational dynamics employed to advance greater research and development opportunities. This study concludes with a discussion on how administrators and faculty members should handle the pressures for research productivity and alternative models of higher education.

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CREATE (Consider, Read, Elucidate the hypotheses, Analyze and interpret the data, and Think of the next Experiment) is an innovative pedagogy for teaching science through the intensive analysis of scientific literature. Initiated at the City College of New York, a minority-serving institution, and regionally expanded in the New York/New Jersey/Pennsylvania area, this methodology has had multiple positive impacts on faculty and students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses. To determine whether the CREATE strategy is effective at the community college (2-yr) level, we prepared 2-yr faculty to use CREATE methodologies and investigated CREATE implementation at community colleges in seven regions of the United States. We used outside evaluation combined with pre/postcourse assessments of students to test related hypotheses: 1) workshop-trained 2-yr faculty teach effectively with the CREATE strategy in their first attempt, and 2) 2-yr students in CREATE courses make cognitive and affective gains during their CREATE quarter or semester. Community college students demonstrated positive shifts in experimental design and critical-thinking ability concurrent with gains in attitudes/self-rated learning and maturation of epistemological beliefs about science.

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Despite the rhetoric that the academy provides a "market place of ideas" which prepares young people to function in a democratic society, higher education over the course of the twentieth century has increasingly become an appendage of the American corporate economy. In their now classic book, Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis (1978:201-202) assert that "colleges and universities play a crucial role in the production of labor power, in the reproduction of the class structure, and in the perpetuation of the dominant values of the social order." The U. S. system of higher education constitutes a highly centralized, pyramidal structure in which the elite institutions dominate and set the agenda for the levels below. A multi-tiered system of higher education tends to replicate class, racial/ethnic, and even gender relations in the larger society. In Social Problems, sociologist Joe Feagin (1986:209) identifies four levels in the stratified system of higher education in the United States: (1) the community college, (2) the four-year state college, (3) the state university, and (4) the elite university or college. In his model, as one proceeds from the lowest level to the highest level, one sees a decrease in emphasis on rules and scheduled course work, a decrease on the emphasis on "job" training, an increase on independence training and "careers," and an increase in the percentage of white students. Although education is often represented as the ticket to upward social mobility, in reality it reproduces the distributive system rather than makes any systemic inroads into it.

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Critical reading is the apex of tertiary education and the chief focus in higher education courses as they prepare adults for the workforce. Without significant improvements in academic preparation and support, many linguistically diverse [LD] students will have higher drop out rates in their first year of college. Developmental reading instruction practices are designed to emphasize moving the first-year LD students from sub-par reading levels towards the application and development of critical reading skills, as demanded by their college courses. Many community colleges across the United States prepare assessments tests in reading and mathematics for most, if not all, newly admitted students. These tests are used as placement guides, especially when the newly admitted applicant�s high school transcript or SAT scores do not demonstrate that the student possesses the critical reading or mathematical ability needed to pass the 70 percentage threshold, an indication of being college ready. This paper argues that teaching critical reading requires embracing students� cultural capital and implementing scaffolds that will support the Adult Linguistic Diverse learner/students (ALDl/s). Results from this study indicated that both intrinsic values and instructor�s disposition influence the ALD learner attitudes related to developed critical reading performance. These findings indicate that using multiple instructional mediums [MiMs] had a positive impact on students� critical reading skills and contributed to the ALD learners� comprehension, motivation, and critical reading skills.Keywords: critical literacy; community college; developmental reading; language minority students; adult linguistic diverse learner; culturally relevant teaching; cultural capital.

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This study is aimed towards understanding students’ preferences in online learning of College Algebra at a community college in the United States, before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. We analyze the results of Student Satisfaction surveys administered during Fall 19, Spring 20 and Fall 20 semesters. The classes were partially or fully online with synchronous and asynchronous components such as face-to-face and/or virtual meetings, pre-recorded video lessons, assignments through online homework platforms, and discussion board assignments. Our analysis show that students found face-to-face meetings most helpful, when classes were taught partially online. After the transition to online teaching, virtual meetings did not directly replace the face-to-face meetings, instead online homework platforms were preferred. We find that students ultimately started utilizing all components of online classes on an equal basis. Our results reflect students’ adjustment to online teaching, taking more advantage from asynchronous course components and becoming active learners over time.

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<p>With advances in biotechnology come potential changes in how college students may understand the nature of identity. This study explores sensemaking around the biological underpinnings of proclaimed “social” identities (e.g., race, class, gender). Based on interviews with 34 undergraduate students recruited from two large, public, research universities in the United States, a conceptual model is offered to outline the general process of how students make sense of biological and/or social explanations of identity, including the role of controllability and essentialism. We discuss implications for multicultural education and teaching the “social construction” of identity in changing contexts.</p>

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Some years acquire symbolic status, and one such year is 1968. All over Europe and the United States university students exploded into violent rebellion. Insofar as this would-be revolution had an ideology it was unquestionably Marx-inspired, even if the Marxism was not always orthodox. It so happens that in the years 1970–1971 I was teaching philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford. And because of Oxford University's system, almost unique, of individual tuition for undergraduates, this meant I found myself in a continuing one-to-one relationship with bright students who were in the throes of revolutionary fervour.

Abstract:

Professional development opportunities for mathematics teachers are abundant in the United States. School-and district-based workshops, college and university courses, summer institutes, and local, state, and national meetings for K–12 mathematics teachers all combine to provide numerous opportunities for professional growth. Individual teachers often return from these types of experiences with new activities to use in their classrooms and new ideas about teaching mathematics. What is often missing from many of these types of professional development experiences is the opportunity for teachers to build ongoing and collaborative learning relationships with mathematics teachers in their own school buildings.

Abstract:

In the late nineteenth century, the American system of medical education underwent a complete transformation. Medical colleges shifted from commercial schools where instruction was based almost exclusively on classroom lectures to university-affiliated programs providing hands-on training in both laboratory and clinical work. Medical educators recognized that successfully enacting the new pedagogy required new buildings. By the 1930s, almost every medical college in the United States had rebuilt or significantly renovated its facilities. In Creating the Modern Physician: The Architecture of American Medical Schools in the Era of Medical Education Reform, Katherine L. Carroll analyzes the first wave of schools constructed to house the new medical training. She examines the three dominant types of American medical school buildings, which she argues did more than supply spaces for teaching and research—they defined specific conceptions of modern medicine and helped to shape the modern physician.

Abstract:

This study was designed to investigate the occupational aspirations and occupational expectations of college students majoring in jazz studies in the United States. Participants included the population of jazz studies majors ( N = 211) at a large mid-southern university known for its prestigious and internationally recognized jazz program. A response rate of 85% was obtained. Occupational aspirations and occupational expectations were measured on the Jazz Occupational Prestige Index. Results indicated that students aspired to more prestigious occupations but expected to be employed in occupations less prestigious when considering the realities of the job market. A small percentage of students (4.7%) aspired to teach while a higher percentage (15.8%) expected to be engaged in teaching as a profession. The analysis of relationships between variables revealed a low positive relationship between occupational aspiration and support from significant others. All other relationships were negligible.

Abstract:

Capstone courses are uniquely positioned in higher education programs. A capstone course in teacher education programs provides an opportunity for preservice teachers to synthesize their undergraduate learning. A capstone course builds and connects a bridge between college learning and workplace environment to ease preservice teachers' transition into the workplace. In this transition process, faculty helps preservice teachers elicit, reflect, and interpret their own understanding of their content area and relate it to their teaching practices. This article draws upon a series of semi-structured interviews with capstone instructors across the United States. It explores the experiences of faculty, teaching capstone courses and provides rich accounts of how capstone courses serve preservice teachers. It offers an insight into the challenges faculty face while teaching capstone courses. The findings provide an overview of mathematics education capstone instructors' pedagogical approach and their belief about the role capstone courses within teacher education programs.

Abstract:

This study investigated the culturally contingent tensions afforded by the implementation of Second Life in transatlantic communications among 13 college-level students at a Southwestern academic institution in the United States and their instructor and an assistant professor and his graduate student at a Greek-speaking academic institution. The transatlantic transactions unfolded in IBM's virtual Green Data Center, where students and instructors engaged in critical discussions on their local community, IBM, the European Union, and the United States' sustainability practices. By analyzing students and instructors' virtual exchanges, chat medium, and reflective comments, three categories of culturally enacted tensions were identified. These contradictions pertained to (a) emerging intercultural communication, (b) assigned collaborative activities, and (c) the use of the Second Life Viewer as a communication tool. The study demonstrated that contradictions can be contingent on institutional, broader cultural and historical constructs, Internet-mediated tools, and the different linguistic and cultural values and expectations related to relationship building and interactional dynamics. The study highlighted the importance of acknowledging such structural tensions as affordances for teaching and learning. Further, the study emphasized the need to take into account the institutional, pedagogical, instructional, and broader cultural realisms that impose constraints on teaching practices and participation in social virtualities.

Abstract:

Diplomacy is a neglected field in American higher education. Both practitioners and academics have repeatedly cast the seeds to grow the discipline in the United States, but with limited germination. Although diplomacy curricula are rare, courses do exist. Following a review of 75 syllabuses and lengthy interviews with many of their authors, this article’s author finds that academics and practitioners teaching the limited number of diplomacy courses make very different choices in content and pedagogy. Drawing on over 25 years of diplomatic practice followed by twenty years teaching at the college level, she evaluates why the main institutions of American society do not support diplomacy as either a profession or a field of study. The article argues that the few ‘resident gardeners’ rarely stray from their own plots to ‘fieldscape’ together in hard American ground.

Abstract:

In the past decade, there has been an increasing level of distress over the perceived lack of ethics exhibited by members of the accounting profession. This distress has resulted in a call for a greater emphasis on ethics coverage as part of a college-level accounting education. However, one could argue that the various organizations that are leading these calls, and the academic institutions which are charged with implementing this enhanced ethical education, often suffer from ethical failings of their own. The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree to which these organizations “practice what they preach.” Recent history is rife with examples of ethical shortcomings on the part of accounting professionals; Enron, Worldcom, and Tyco come to mind as examples which have received extensive media coverage. The resultant public concern over ethics in accounting has led several governmental and professional bodies to mandate or promote codes of ethical conduct. The Congress of the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and other bodies have all made public pronouncements which explicitly insist upon the importance of ethical behavior. Similarly, many education-related organizations (i.e., universities and accrediting bodies) have taken the position that education in ethics is an essential part of any college-level education. Finally, although the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which formulates generally accepted accounting practices for commercial firms in the United States, has not made an explicit statement regarding the importance of ethics, the standards which they promulgate are the measure of what is and is not adequate financial disclosure. Since a failure to follow generally accepted accounting principles is usually thought of as misleading and hence, an ethical violation, it could be argued that the FASB is, in fact, charged with “codifying” ethical behavior as far as financial disclosure is concerned. All of the organizations mentioned above can be criticized, to some extent, for ethical failings of their own. Political bodies, such as the Congress and the Securities and Exchange Commission, can often be accused of bowing to special interests and entities which enforce codes of ethics (whether the AICPA in accounting or the American Bar Association in the legal profession or the AMA in the medical profession) are often justly accused of turning a blind eye to all but the most egregious behavior of their members. The FASB, while ostensibly independent, is also subject to pressures in its standard setting process. Finally, the educational establishment has exhibited ethical shortcomings of its own. These problems run from well-publicized institution-wide problems in discrimination and college athletics down to the individual class and faculty member who engages in less-than-ethical behaviors. The paper will examine the recent ethical failings in business and the resultant calls for greater ethical behavior on the part of the accounting profession. A brief summary of some of the literature related to ethical education and development will then be presented. After this, the behaviors of the various regulatory, standard setting and educational institutions will be examined to determine the extent to which their individual behaviors coincide with their stated positions on ethical behavior and the degree to which these behaviors match the standards that we are encouraged to teach to our students.

Abstract:

Studies have suggested that outcomes from breast cancer are improved when treatment is rendered at high-volume teaching centers. The current study was undertaken to examine the impact of facility type on the presentation and treatment of “early” breast carcinoma across the United States. Breast cancer data were available from the American College of Surgeons National Cancer Database. The cohort consisted of 305,358 patients presenting with in situ cancers and no prior treatment from 2000 to 2008. Data were stratified by type of treatment facility, “invasive” versus “noninvasive” nature of the tumor, and treatment performed. Only 15 per cent of patients presented to community cancer centers (CCCs). Despite this, a greater percentage presented with invasive disease at CCCs (82.1%) compared with comprehensive community cancer centers (CCCCs; 80%) or teaching/research facilities (T/Rs; 70.2%). In examining the in situ cohort, a higher percentage of patients at CCCs were treated with breast conservation than at CCCCs or T/Rs. Although small, these differences were statistically significant. These data do not support the contention that only “early” cases of breast cancer present and are treated at community centers. In early breast cancer, patients are as likely to receive state-of-the-art treatment at a CCC as they are at a T/R.